What is Aspirin?

Aspirin, chemically known as acetylsalicylic acid, is one of the oldest and most widely used medications in the world. First synthesized in 1897 by Bayer, it has remained a cornerstone of pain management and cardiovascular prevention for over a century. Aspirin belongs to the class of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and possesses analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, and antiplatelet properties.

The drug works by irreversibly inhibiting cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, particularly COX-1 and COX-2. This inhibition reduces the production of prostaglandins and thromboxane A2, which are involved in pain signaling, inflammation, fever regulation, and platelet aggregation.

Indications and Usage

Aspirin is indicated for the relief of mild to moderate pain, reduction of fever, and treatment of inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. At low doses (75-325 mg daily), aspirin is widely used for cardiovascular prevention, including reduction of risk of heart attack and stroke in patients with established cardiovascular disease or those at high risk.

Dosage and Administration

For pain and fever: 325-650 mg every 4-6 hours as needed, maximum 4000 mg/day. For cardiovascular prevention: 75-325 mg once daily. For acute myocardial infarction: 160-325 mg chewed immediately. Enteric-coated tablets should be swallowed whole and not crushed or chewed.

Side Effects and Warnings

Common side effects include gastrointestinal irritation, nausea, and increased bleeding time. Long-term use may cause gastric ulceration. Aspirin should not be given to children under 16 due to the risk of Reye syndrome. Patients with bleeding disorders, asthma, or peptic ulcer disease should use aspirin with caution.